purano sei diner katha part 2

The Buddhist era

In the course of the existence time of Lord Gautama Buddha, 16 notable powers (Mahajanpadas)
existed in the 7th and early sixth centuries BC. a number of the greater important republics
had been the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali. except the republics,
there had been monarchical states, amongst which the crucial ones had been Kaushambi (Vatsa),
Magadha, Kosala and Avanti. those states were ruled by way of full of life personalities who had
embarked upon the rules of aggrandisement and absorption of neighbouring states.
but, there had been distinct signs and symptoms of the republican states while those beneath the
monarchs have been increasing.

Buddha turned into born in BC 560 and died at the age of 80 in BC 480. The region of his
beginning become a grove referred to as Lumbini, close to the metropolis of Kapilavastu, on the foot of Mount
Palpa inside the Himalayan tiers within Nepal. Buddha, whose authentic call was Siddhartha
Gautama, was the founding father of Buddhism, the faith and the philosophical machine that
evolved right into a exquisite way of life in the course of a lot of southern and jap Asia.

To know extra about "The Buddhist technology", we want to recognise approximately "The records Of Bihar"
shall we now we are able to acknowledged approximately " The history Of Bihar".

Introduction  

Bihar, the ancient land of Buddha, has witnessed golden duration of Indian history.
it's miles the same land where the seeds of the primary republic were sown and which cultivated
the primary crop of democracy. Such fertile is the soil that has given start to innumerous
intellectuals which spread the light of understanding and information no longer most effective within the country however
in the complete world. The nation has its capital at Patna, that is located at the financial institution of
the holy river Ganga. The state as it's far today has been fashioned from its partition from
the province of Bengal and most lately after the separation of the tribal southern
region now referred to as Jharkhand.

Ancient records 

The history of the land mass presently referred to as Bihar could be very historic. In truth, it extends
to the very sunrise of human civilization. Earliest myths and legends of hinduism the
Sanatana (eternal) Dharma - are related to Bihar. Sita, the consort of Lord Rama,
became a princess of Bihar. She changed into the daughter of King Janak of Videha. the prevailing
districts of Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Samastipur, Madhubani, and Darbhanga, in north-crucial
Bihar, mark this historical country. the prevailing small township of Sitamarhi is positioned here.
in keeping with legend, the birthplace of Sita is Punaura, located on the west-aspect of
Sitamarhi, the headquarters of the district. Janakpur, the capital of King Janak,
and the region wherein Lord Rama and Sita had been married, lies just throughout the border in
Nepal. it is reached via the rail station of Janakapur road placed in the Sitamarhi
district, at the Narkatiyaganj - Darbhanga segment of the North-eastern Railway. it's miles no
accident, therefore, that the authentic author of the Hindu epic - The Ramayana - Maharishi
Valmiki - lived in historic Bihar. Valmikinagar is a small city and a railroad station in
the district of West Champaran, near the railhead of Narkatiyaganj in northwest Bihar.
The word Champaran is derived from champa-arnya, or a woodland of the aromatic Champa
(magnolia) tree.

It became right here that Prince Gautam attained enlightenment, have become the Buddha- at the existing
Bodh Gaya- a metropolis in valuable Bihar; and the exceptional religion of buddhism was born. it's far
here additionally that Lord Mahavira, the founding father of any other outstanding religion, Jainism, became born
and attained nirvana (loss of life). That website is positioned at the prevailing metropolis of pawapuri, a few
miles to the south east of Patna, the Capital of Bihar., it's far here that the 10th and
final Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh changed into born and attained the sainthood of sikhism,
this is have become a Guru. A adorable and majestic Gurudwara (a temple for Sikhs) constructed to
commemorate his memory - the harmandir- is positioned in japanese Patna. known reverentially
as the Patna Sahib, it's far one of the five holiest locations of worship (Takhat) for Sikhs.

The historical kingdoms of Magadh and of Licchavis, round approximately 7-eighth century B.C., produced
rulers who devised a gadget of management that truely is progenitor of the present day artwork
of statecraft, and of the linkage of statecraft with economics. Kautilya, the author of
Arthashastra, the primary treatise of the contemporary technology of Economics, lived here. additionally
known as Chanakya, he become the wily and canny adviser to the Magadh king, Chandragupta
Maurya. As an emissary of Chandragupta Maurya, Chanakya traveled a ways and extensive in pursuit
of promoting the pursuits of the kingdom and coping with the Greek invaders settled in
the northwest of India, alongside the Indus valley. He succeeded in stopping the similarly
onslaught of the Greeks. indeed, he added about amicable co-life between the Greeks
and the Mauryan Empire. Megasthenes, an emissary of Alexander's trendy, Seleucus Necator,
lived in Pataliputra (historical call of Patna, the Mauryan capital) round 302 B.C. He left
behind a chronicle of life in and around Patliputra. that is the first recorded account
via a overseas traveler in India. It describes in vibrant terms the grandeur of life in
Patliputra, a town mounted by means of King Ajatshatru, round fifth Century B.C., on the
confluence of the rivers Sone and Ganga.

any other Mauryan king, Ashok, (additionally known as Priyadarshi or Priyadassi), around 270 B.C.,
was the primary to formulate firm tenets for the governance of a humans. He had these tenets,
the so called Edicts of Ashok, inscribed on stone pillars which had been planted across his
country. The pillar had been topped with the statue of 1 or extra lions sitting on pinnacle of a
pedestal which become inscribed with symbols of wheels. because the lion denoted strength, the
wheel denoted the eternal (limitless) nature of reality (dharma), hence the call Dharma
(or Dhamma) Chakra. This figure of lions, atop a pedestal, with inscription of a wheel,
was adopted as the respectable Seal of the unbiased Republic of India (1947). also,
Ashok's dharma chakra was incorporated into the countrywide flag of India, the Indian
tricolor. remains of some of these pillars are nonetheless extant, as an instance at
Lauriya-Nandan Garh in the district of West Champaran and at vaishali, within the gift
district of the identical call. Ashok, a modern-day of Ptolemy and Euclid, become a high-quality
conqueror. His empire prolonged from what is now the North West Frontier Province
(in Pakistan) within the west, to the japanese boundaries of gift India inside the north,
and genuinely, up to the Vindhyan variety in the south. Ashok became responsible additionally for the
sizeable proselytization of people into Buddhism. He despatched his son, Prince Mahendra, and
daughter, Sanghamitra, for this reason to as a long way south as the prevailing usa of
Sri Lanka (Sinhal Dweep in historic times, and Ceylon in the course of the British Empire. some
historians, especially Sinhalese, don't forget Mahindra and Sanghmitra as brother and
sister.

ancient Bihar also noticed the glorification of girls in subjects of kingdom affairs. It changed into right here
that Amrapali, a courtesan of Vaishali (the present district of the identical call) in the
kingdom of the Lichhavis, attained and wielded sizeable power. it's far stated that the Lord
Buddha, at some stage in his go to to Vaishali, refused the invitation of many princes, and chose
to have dinner with Amrapali instead. Such became the repute of women inside the Bihari society
of several centuries B.C.!

a touch-acknowledged, however traditionally and archaeologically documented, occasion is well worth
mentioning in this context. After his go to with Amrapali, Lord Buddha persisted along with his
adventure towards Kushinagar (additionally referred to as Kusinara in Buddhist texts.) He travelled alongside
the jap banks of the river Gandak (also called Narayani, which marks the western
border of Champaran, a district now administratively cut up into two- West and East
Champaran.) A band of his dedicated Licchavis followed Lord Buddha in this adventure.
At a gap called Kesariya, within the present Purbi (meaning, East) Champaran district,
Lord Buddha took rest for the night. It become right here that he selected to announce to his
disciples the information of his approaching niravana (which means, demise); and implored them to
go back to Vaishali. The wildly lamenting Licchavis might have none of that. They
steadfastly refused to depart. Whereupon, Lord Buddha, via developing a 3,000 ft wide
flow among them and himself pressured them to go away. As a souvenir he gave them his
alms-bowl. The Licchavis, most reluctantly and expressing their sorrow wildly, took leave
and built a stupa there to commemorate the occasion. Lord Buddha had selected that spot to
announce his forthcoming nirvana because, as he told his disciple Anand, he knew that in a
previous life he had dominated from that area, particularly, Kesariya, as a Chakravarti Raja,
Raja Ben. (once more, this isn't always only a mere legend, myth or people-lore. rather, it is a
historiclly documented fact supported by archaeological findings. but, neither this
a part of Buddha's life, nor the little town of Kesariya, is 9aaf3f374c58e8c9dcdd1ebf10256fa5 even in India or
Bihar.

At Nalanda, the world's first seat of higher studying, an university, changed into hooked up
for the duration of the Gupta duration. It endured as a seat of learning till the center a while, whilst
the muslim invaders burned it down. The ruins are a included monument and a popular
traveler spot. A museum and a studying center - The Nava Nalanda Mahavira - are positioned
right here.

close by, Rajgir, became capital of the Muaryan Empire in the course of the reign of Bimbisara. It was
often visited by way of Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira. there are numerous Buddhist ruins here.
it's also for its many hot-springs which, like similar warm-springs some other place
within the world, are reputed to have medicinal property.


Medieval history

this excellent records of Bihar lasted till across the center of the 7th or 8th century
A.D. - the Gupta length - whilst, with the conquest of almost all of northern India by means of
invaders from the center-east, the Gupta dynasty additionally fell a sufferer.

In medieval times Bihar lost its status because the political and cultural middle of India.
The Mughal length became a length of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.
The simplest awesome man or woman of these times in Bihar was Sher Shah, or Sher Khan Sur, an
Afghan. primarily based at Sasaram which is now a metropolis inside the district of the same name in
relevant-western Bihar, this jagirdar of the Mughal King Babur turned into successful in defeating
Humayun, the son of Babur, two times - as soon as at Chausa and then, again, at Kannauj
(inside the gift kingdom of Uttar Pradesh or U.P.) through his conquest Sher Shah have become the
ruler of a territory that, once more, prolonged all the way to the Punjab. He changed into referred to as a
ferocious warrior but also a noble administrator - in the tradition of Ashok and the
Gupta kings. numerous acts of land reform are attributed to him. The stays of a grand
mausoleum that he constructed for himself may be visible in state-of-the-art Sasaram (Sher Shah's maqbara.)


Present day records 

in the course of most of British India, Bihar became part of the Presidency of Bengal, and was
governed from Calcutta. As such, this was a territory very a good deal dominated by the humans
of Bengal. All main educational and scientific centers have been in Bengal. regardless of the
unfair advantage that Bengalis possessed, a few sons of Bihar rose to positions of
prominence, with the aid of dint in their intelligence and hard exertions. One such became Rajendra Prasad,
local of Ziradei, within the district of Saran. He became the first President of the
Republic of India.

when separated from the Bengal Presidency in 1912, Bihar and Orissa comprised a single
province. Later, beneath the authorities of India Act of 1935, the division of Orissa became
a separate province; and the Province of Bihar came into being as an administrative unit
of British India. At Independence in 1947, the nation of Bihar, with the equal geographic
boundary, shaped part of the Republic of India, until 1956. At that time, a place in the
south-east, predominantly the district of Purulia, become separated and included into
West Bengal as a part of the Linguistic Reorganization of Indian States.

Resurgence within the records of Bihar got here throughout the battle for India's independence. It
changed into from Bihar that Mahatma Gandhi released his civil-disobedience motion, which
in the long run caused India's independence. on the continual request of a farmer, Raj Kumar
Shukla, from the district of Champaran, in 1917 Gandhiji took a educate trip to Motihari,
the district headquarters of Champaran. right here he discovered, first hand, the unhappy plight of the
indigo farmers struggling below the oppressive rule of the British. Alarmed at the
tumultuous reception Gandhiji obtained in Champaran, the British authorities served
notice on him to go away the Province of Bihar. Gandhiji refused to conform, announcing that as
an Indian he turned into loose to journey anywhere in his own u . s . a .. For this act of defiance he
become detained within the district prison at Motihari. From his jail mobile, with the assist of his
pal from South Africa days, C. F. Andrews, Gandhiji controlled to ship letters to
reporters and the Viceroy of India describing what he saw in Champaran, and made formal
needs for the emancipation of these people. when produced in court docket, the Justice of the Peace
ordered him released, however on payment of bail. Gandhiji refused to pay the bail. as an alternative,
he indicated his preference to remain in prison under arrest. Alarmed on the huge reaction
Gandhiji became receiving from the humans of Champaran, and intimidated with the aid of the knowledge
that Gandhiji had already managed to inform the Viceroy of the mistreatment of the farmers
via the British plantation proprietors, the Justice of the Peace set him loose, without price of any bail.
This turned into the primary instance of the success of civil-disobedience as a tool to win freedom.
The British acquired, their first "item lesson" of the energy of civil-disobedience. It
additionally made the British government apprehend, for the first time, Gandhiji as a country wide
leader of a few outcome. What Raj Kumar Shukla had began, and the large response
human beings of Champaran gave to Gandhiji, catapulted his popularity at some stage in India. consequently,
in 1917, commenced a sequence of occasions in a far flung nook of Bihar, that ultimately caused the
freedom of India in 1947.

It became natural, consequently, that many human beings from Bihar have become main contributors in
India's warfare for independence. Dr. Rajendra Prasad has been stated above. some other
become Jay Prakash Narayan, affectionately called JP. JP's massive contribution to modern
Indian history endured up until his loss of life in 1979. It become he who led a motion that
brought about large win of a non-Congress authorities -The Janata birthday celebration - at Delhi, for the
first time. With the advantages of JP, Morarji Desai became the fourth top Minister of
India. sadly, quickly after accomplishing energy, bickering began many of the leaders of the Janata
celebration which led to the resignation of Shri Desai as the prime Minister. JP endured with
his name for "overall revolution", but he succumbed to kidney failure at a clinic in
Bombay in 1979. next bickering in the Janata birthday party caused the formation of a
breakaway political birthday celebration - the Janata Dal. This political party become a constituent unit
of the then ruling coalition at Delhi, the so called, United the front. It was also from this
birthday celebration that Laloo Prasad Yadav, the chief Minister of Bihar become elected. The bickering
endured. a new birthday celebration led by way of Mr. Yadav become formed as - the Rashtriya Janata Dal - which
went directly to rule for almost 15 years in Bihar.

This turned into also a length whilst Hindi literature came to flourish within the country. Raja Radhika Raman
Singh, Shiva Pujan Sahay, Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Ram Briksha
Benipuri, are a number of the luminaries who contributed to the flowering of Hindi literature,
which did not have tons of a protracted history. The Hindi language, honestly its literature,
started around mid to past due 19th century. it's far marked by way of the appearance of Bhartendu
Babu Harischandra's ( a resident of Varanasi in U.P.) drama "Harischandra". Devaki Nandan
Khatri started writing his mystery novels in Hindi at some stage in this time (Chandrakanta, Chandrakanta
Santati, Kajar ki Kothari, Bhootnath, and so on.) He become born at Muzaffarpur in Bihar and had his
earlier training there. He then moved to Tekari property in Gaya in Bihar. He later became an
worker of the Raja of Benares (now Varanasi.) He started out a printing press known as "Lahari"
which started out the publication of a Hindi month-to-month, "Sudarshan", in 1898. one of the first quick
tales in Hindi, if not the first actual, become "Indumati" (Pundit Kishorilal Goswami, author)
which become posted in 1900. the gathering of quick tales "Rajani aur Taare" (Anupam
Prakashan, Patna, publishers) contains an extended records of the beginning and evolution of the
short story as a awesome literary form within the Hindi literature.


End 

For its geographical location, herbal splendor, mythological and ancient importance, Bihar
feels pleased with the belongings it has been gifted with the aid of time. And for its ethical contributions in the
fields of arts-literature and religion and spiritualism, it is aware of no competitors centuries old
tales related to this land are advised even nowadays. The kingdom is the equal country, which as soon as
upon a time ruled the united states of america as well as the neighbouring countries . Many awesome rulers have
lived right here and it fills us with a experience of pride while we think of Bihar because the 'Karmabhumi' of
Buddha and Mahavir. Bihar, to liven up the superb tale of which land, words fall short.